Job Enrichment

Organizational Behavior Concept: Job Enrichment Jared Stern Introduction The concept of Job Enrichment is a very broad theory within the field of organizational behavior that is applicable within all sectors of organization. Used synonymously with â€Å"job enlargement†, the term job enrichment refers to different methods that are aimed at increasing employee’s job motivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an attempt to ultimately increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.Research studies conducted on Job Enrichment and its influence on employee productivity date back to the 1950s and 1960s and throughout those years a wide variety of methods have emerged. Most commonly job enrichment is attributed to the process of job redesign in order to reverse the negative effects monotony of employee tasks, which will include boredom, lack of autonomy and dissatisfaction. Other variances of job enrichment include providing worker incentives by involving the employee in the decision making process, the implementation of quality work groups and team building, and job independence as an incentive to increase productivity.Evolution of the concept of Job Enrichment Beginning in the middle of the 20th century up until present day, the theory of job enrichment has offered many compelling concepts to increase employee productivity while simultaneously enriching the employees work experience, all of which remain applicable today. The early works which established Job enrichment among organizational behavior theorists was Frederick Herzberg’s â€Å"Hygiene Theory† and Hackman and Oldham’s â€Å"Job Characteristic Model†.The Hygiene Theory The central figure in developing the theory of job enrichment within the framework of organizational behavior was Frederick Herzberg who’s pivotal â€Å"Hygiene Theory† has contributed a solid basis and foundation for subsequent generations to expand upon. According to Herzberg, for a worker to be happy and therefore productive the environmental factors of his workplace must not cause him discomfort. Herzberg further asserts that although providing employees with a more comfortable environment may in turn make them more productive, this does not necessarily mean they will be motivated to perform their duties.Simonds & Orife, 1975) Herzberg believed that the process of motivating workers is by enhancing their feeling of responsibility and connection to their work. In this case, Herzberg proclaims that it is the work itself that is rewarding. Managers can help the employees connect to their work by giving them more authority over the job, as well as offering direct and individual feedback. The Job Characteristics Model In 1975 Hackman and Oldham advanced the ideas of Herzberg by introducing what they called â€Å"The Job Characteristics Model†. This model is formulated on the assumption that if five core job characteristics are present, thre e psychological states critical to motivation are produced, resulting in positive outcomes. † (Griffin, Patterson, & West, 2001) The five core job characteristics consist of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Hackman and Oldham state that the three psychological states that motivation is dependent upon are experienced meaningfulness of work, responsibility for work outcomes, and knowledge of results. Hackman andOldham then proclaim that to the degree that these psychological states are present, high personal employee work motivation will result. Relevance of Job Enrichment in 2007 The early works of Herzberg and Hackman & Oldham have provided a feasible and effective framework for increasing employee productivity through job enrichment that is just as applicable today as it was when their research was first conducted. Within the past half century there have been numerous researches conducted that provides useful empirical evidence to illus trate the rewards and benefits of job enrichment.We will further discuss each method that an organization can implement in an attempt to improve worker productivity through job implementation. Employee autonomy In a study analyzing job independence as an incentive device to increase employee productivity, Kay Mitusch emphasizes that when employee autonomy is present it can compensate for an organization lacking an extrinsic reward program yet still remain productive. â€Å"This is pivotal for explaining why workers in independent, responsible jobs are willing to invest in their jobs even if there is no reliable, formalized system of rewarding them. (Mitusch, 2000) To provide further evidence of the success of employee autonomy as a method of job enrichment Griffin, Patterson, and West explored the relationship between teams and satisfaction using data from a large research project in the U. K. that investigated management practices and employee attitudes in manufacturing companies. The researchers conducted this study by distributing a questionnaire survey which asked them to rank their preferred working conditions in response to hypothetical situations which were designed to relate to their actual work duties.The study showed that â€Å"job enrichment was positively related to job autonomy but was not significantly related to perceptions of supervisory support. † (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) The researchers also concluded that â€Å"while both autonomy and supervisory support were important positive influences on job satisfaction, the positive association of teamwork on job autonomy was explained by job enrichment that accompanied teamwork and could not be attributed to teamwork itself. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) This data shows that by simply trusting an employee’s expertise at his or her job and allowing them to operate more independently an employee will develop an increased level of job satisfaction and in turn increase t he productive output of that worker. Skill Variety Another technique to enrich an employee’s work experience is to utilize employees with a wide range of skills so they can apply them to their daily work routine.In his article White Collar Job Enrichment: The Pay Board Experience, Tim McNamar explored the Pay Board’s experience with job enrichment. By replacing a traditional method of processing cases with an approach built around work groups performing interrelated tasks, it increased productivity, provided better motivation, and vastly improved opportunities for individual self-actualization and esteem. † (McNamar, 1973) By changing the previous operational procedures and by allowing employees to engage in more of a shared task structure, the Pay Board experienced increased productivity across the spectrum. The decision to adopt a team concept for case management was not due to any of the traditional reasons given for blue collar job enrichment – high ab senteeism, low morale, and the like. Rather, it was instituted in hopes that it would drastically increase productivity. Nevertheless, the approach turned out to provide a variety of benefits, many of which directly related to the question of job enrichment. † (McNamar, 1973) Also, the inclusion of employees in critical decisions that will effect the organization as a whole, shows improvement in the employee’s orale regarding their importance within the organization and in turn increase their motivation.â€Å"In general, research on participative decision making has found that participation improves employees’ attitudes and increases their organizational commitment and job satisfaction. † (DeLancer Julnes, 2001) Job Feedback Another key aspect of job enrichment can be achieved through the simple process of providing employees with useful feedback concerning the work performance along with clearly established expectations. Job enrichment focuses on creating individual tasks that give people feedback, increase their influence how work is done, require them to use a variety of skills, and give them a whole piece of work. † (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman, 1992) Task significance and task identity The installation of job enrichment by way of task significance is the extent to which an employee’s work has a meaningful impact on other jobs in the same workplace.This can be accomplished with the installation of teams within the employee work population. Teamwork typically involves groups of interdependent employees who work cooperatively to achieve group outcomes. Effective team implementation can enhance the motivational properties of work and increase job satisfaction. † (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) A direct correlation between task significance and task identity can be seen by the use of teams and specific job duties. The idea of task identity is the measure to which the job requires completion of a number of whole a nd identifiable pieces of work. Theoretically, the choice between teams and individual job enrichment should be made based upon the technology of the workplace. Teams are more complicated to build and to maintain, but may be necessary if the work is such that no one individual can do a whole part of it and get feedback about it. Teams are often appropriate, for example, in process production facilities such as a chemical plants and oil refineries and in complex service organizations such as banks and airlines.Where the technology allows an individual to do a whole task or offer a whole service, individual designs are preferred because they are simpler to install and give the individual more direct feedback. † (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman , 1992) The city of Rockville, MD conducted an experiment where managers and line staff collaborated in the decision making process and the result was astonishing, including cost savings, improvement of morale and the appreciation of the need for productivity within the organization increased. The key ingredients in the program’s success was the consultation with supervisors and employees and their involvement in selecting the projects. † (Hobbs, 1976) Counter argument of job enrichment Despite all of the overwhelming evidence of the success that is attributed in implementing job enrichment programs there is a minority of speculators that job enrichment is not always the best option when an organization’s sole objective is to reduce costs. The possible increase in the satisfaction of the employees is probably not a sufficient reason for managers to support job enrichment programs. A survey by Reif and Schoderbek showed that the main objective of top management in companies introducing job enrichment programs was to reduce costs. Hence, management support for a new job design approach has to be gained through a cost-benefit treatment to job design. † (Globerson, 1977) If a company’s sole aim is to reduce costs then investing in your current work force might not be the preferable avenue.However, if an organization or company is interested in fully utilizing its talented workforce and provide increased worker motivation and in turn increase worker productivity, then adopting a job enrichment program is the most effective option. Conclusion Throughout the last few decades, the implementation of a job enrichment program has successfully shown to increase employee’s job motivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an attempt to ultimately increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.No matter what the function or sector of an organization whether it be a government agency, non-profit organization, or company operating within the private sector, the implementation of job enrichment into your organization will result in the key areas of employee production and worker motivation. It is obvious through years of conducted research that a happy and motivat ed workforce coupled with an effective and flexible management will ultimately result in a highly productive organization.Works Cited Albers Mohrman, Susan, Lawler III, Edward E. , Mohrman, Allan M. 992. â€Å"Applying Employee Involvement in Schools. † Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis DeLancer Julnes, Patria. 2001. â€Å"Does Participation Increase Perceptions of Usefulness? † Public Performance & Management Review Globerson, Shlomo. 1977. â€Å"The Just Noticeable Difference in Complexity of Jobs. † Management Science Griffin, Mark A. , Patterson, Malcolm G. , and West, Michael A. 2001. â€Å"Job Satisfaction and Teamwork: The Role of Supervisor Support† Journal of Organizational Behavior Hobbs, Daniel D. â€Å"Productivity Through Worker Incentive and Satisfaction. Public Productivity Review King, Albert S. 1974. â€Å"Expectation Effects in Organizational Change. † Administrative Science Quarterly McNamar, Tim. 1973. â€Å"White Col lar Job Enrichment: The Pay Board Experience. † Public Administration Review Mitusch, Kay. 2000. â€Å"Job Independence as an Incentive Device. † Economica Simonds, Rollin H. and Orife, John N. 1975. â€Å"Worker Behavior Versus Enrichment Theory. † Administrative Science Quarterly Staudohar, Paul D. 1975. â€Å"An Experiment in Increasing Productivity of Police Service Employees† Public Administration Review Job Enrichment Based on a major study of High Performance Work Practices (HPWPs) in North America by Appelbaum et al. (2000) found that new forms of job design provided production line employees with the opportunity to contribute increased discretionary effort and to participate in workplace problem-solving. These researchers provided empirical evidence that conscious efforts by employers to increase employee discretion and job autonomy resulted in improved job satisfaction for employees and higher levels of organizational performance (Appelbaum et al. 000). Workforce involvement in decision-making may also be consistent with job enrichment practices (Spence Laschinger et al. 2004). Job enrichment involves providing increased levels of responsibility to lower level employees, including the delegation of work tasks previously undertaken by supervisors, and the provision of increasingly skilled tasks to line employees.The theoretical basis for enrichment efforts is Hackman and Oldham's (1975) ‘ job characteristics' model, which explores how a combination of specific job characteristics such as skill variety and task significance affect the individual's experience of meaningful work and their sense of responsibility for work outcomes. These characteristics have, in turn, been linked to improvements in work motivation, job satisfaction and work quality, reduced absenteeism and lower labour turnover (Ford 1969; Hackman et al. 1975).However, job enrichment has received wide publicity but has not always produced favourable results in the workplace. A great deal of debate exists over the benefits and limitations of job enrichment: it clearly is not for everyone. Ralph Brown (2004) summed it up very nicely: Some people are very resistant to more responsibilities or to opportunities for personal growth. Researchers report that some people they expected to resist seized the opportunity. Enriching jobs is a particularly effective way to develop employees provided the jobs are truly enriched, not just more work for them to do.The disadvantages are that job enrichment may lead to greater work pressure and that employees have to start performing tasks which were not originally required of them. Job design: Job design is the specification of the content of a job, the material and equipment required to do the job, and the relation of the job to other jobs. A well-designed job promotes the achievement of the organization’s strategic business objectives by structuring work so it integrates management requirements for efficiency and employee needs for satisfaction.Thus, effective job design presents a major challenge for the HR manager. And job enrichment is one of the methods of job design. Job enrichment is an attempt to motivate employees by giving them the opportunity to use the range of their abilities. It is an idea that was developed by the American psychologist Frederick Hertzberg in the 1950s. It can be contrasted to job enlargement which simply increa ses the number of tasks without changing the challenge. As such job enrichment has been described as ‘vertical loading' increases the complexity of work to promote interest.Thus, job enrichment builds motivating factors into the job content by: combing tasks, establishing client relationships, creating natural work units, expanding jobs vertically and opening feedback channels. Supporter: Patterson, West and Wail (2004) found that firms providing lower level employees with job enrichment and skill enhancement experienced a significant boost in productivity and profitability. A Sri Lankan study of the impact of introducing self managed teams in a large textile mill reported increased productivity, higher product quality, lower reject rates and higher employee satisfaction.The process of delegating increased decision-making responsibility to workplace teams changed the organization’s structures, decision making processes and job design at workplace level, with increased l evels of empowerment and training being provided to team members (Jayawardana and Fonseka 1996). Nevertheless, the potential for improved performance outcomes to follow the provision of increased employee input into workplace decision-making relies on employee acceptance of the relevance of these practices and on the existence of a climate of involvement.One means of creating this climate is to appoint work group leaders who will model the behaviours valued by the organisation, and who are also able to motivate employees to mirror these behaviours (Richards and Vandenberg 2005). In Sri Lanka's Garment Industry, the manager introduced process controllers into the three production lines from January to April 2002; line employees underwent a series of training programs. The training focused on the company's customers and products, the production process and techniques related to increasing quality and problem-solving.The sessions were conducted by the plant manager, the quality assuran ce manager and the work study manager. Each session was followed by a discussion with production line members. The training programs lasted for two hours after work, with all line employees paid for their participation. At production meetings, held once a week, line employees were given feedback on their performance, in particular in relation to line efficiency and end-line rejects. During the initial training, production line employees were given a briefing on market conditions in the industry and customer requirements.They were also provided with an opportunity to study their line's performance for the previous three months in relation to on-time delivery, total rejects and customer returns. The training provided encouraged employees to take responsibility for performance outcomes such as product reject rates and on-standard efficiency levels. The training manager provided feedback to line employees where the performance of one production line lagged that of the organisation as a whole. The training also addressed skill development, the organisation of work and the use of computer-aided information systems and quality control systems.Each machine was equipped with a computer terminal, which gave details of efficiency standards, losses, stoppages and earnings based on incentive payments. The case explored the impact of a job enrichment initiative to devolve increased responsibility for monitoring workplace productivity, product quality and workforce attendance to line employees. We found that the introduction of process controllers generated substantial improvements in LM Collection's performance over this period.Efficiency levels rose from 41 per cent to 61 per cent and product rejects declined from 10 per cent to 2 per cent, while absenteeism levels declined from almost 10 per cent to 2. 4 per cent by March 2003. On the whole, productivity levels improved, product quality increased and workforce absence and turnover episodes declined over the period of this study. Critiques: In the other hand, there are drawbacks of job enrichment when the HR managers do not think about the matters from employees, and no one seems to mention the costs.In some employees eyes, the job enrichment is merely an enforce change to jobs in order for the organisation to obtain higher productivity from its workers. With the pressure of more responsibilities and tasks, the employees may not have enough time to give the feedback of performance. Either actually the workers do not want enriched their jobs or the job is not that easy to enrich. . Job enrichment is a type of job redesign intended to reverse the effects of tasks that are repetitive requiring little autonomy.Some of these effects are boredom, lack of flexibility, and employee dissatisfaction (Leach & Wall, 2004). The underlying principle is to expand the scope of the job with a greater variety of tasks, vertical in nature, that require self-sufficiency. Since the goal is to give the individual exposure to tasks normally reserved for differently focused or higher positions, merely adding more of the same responsibilities related to an employee's current position are not considered job enrichment.Job enrichment can only be truly successful if planning includes support for all phases of the initiative. Ohio State University Extension began a job enrichment program in 1992 and surveyed the participants five years later. The results, broken down into 3 sub-buckets of data beyond the main grouping of advantages/disadvantages as shown in Table 1, indicate the University had not fully considered the planning and administrative aspects of the program (Fourman and Jones, 1997).While the benefits are seemingly obvious, programs fail not because of a lack of benefits, but rather due to implementation problems. These problems can include a perception of too great a cost, lack of long-term commitment of resources, and potential job classification changes (Cunningham and Eberle, 1990). In order for a job enrichment program to produce positive results, worker needs and organizational needs must be analyzed and acted upon. According to Cunningham and Eberle (1990), before an enrichment program is begun, the following questions should be asked: 1.Do employees need jobs that involve responsibility, variety, feedback, challenge, accountability, significance, and opportunities to learn? 2. What techniques can be implemented without changing the job classification plan? 3. What techniques would require changes in the job classification plan? A job enrichment program can be a very effective intervention in some situations where a Performance Technician is faced with a request for motivational training. Conclusion:In my opinion, job enrichment can bring about improvement in both job performance and job satisfaction. A survey of almost 100 research studies found job enrichment resulted in greater productivity, improved product quality, fewer employee grievances, improved worker att itudes; reduce absenteeism and labour turnover, and lower costs. Therefore, improved quality of working life brought about by job enrichment has not only social benefits but also bottom-line benefits to the organization. Job Enrichment Organizational Behavior Concept: Job Enrichment Jared Stern Introduction The concept of Job Enrichment is a very broad theory within the field of organizational behavior that is applicable within all sectors of organization. Used synonymously with â€Å"job enlargement†, the term job enrichment refers to different methods that are aimed at increasing employee’s job motivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an attempt to ultimately increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.Research studies conducted on Job Enrichment and its influence on employee productivity date back to the 1950s and 1960s and throughout those years a wide variety of methods have emerged. Most commonly job enrichment is attributed to the process of job redesign in order to reverse the negative effects monotony of employee tasks, which will include boredom, lack of autonomy and dissatisfaction. Other variances of job enrichment include providing worker incentives by involving the employee in the decision making process, the implementation of quality work groups and team building, and job independence as an incentive to increase productivity.Evolution of the concept of Job Enrichment Beginning in the middle of the 20th century up until present day, the theory of job enrichment has offered many compelling concepts to increase employee productivity while simultaneously enriching the employees work experience, all of which remain applicable today. The early works which established Job enrichment among organizational behavior theorists was Frederick Herzberg’s â€Å"Hygiene Theory† and Hackman and Oldham’s â€Å"Job Characteristic Model†.The Hygiene Theory The central figure in developing the theory of job enrichment within the framework of organizational behavior was Frederick Herzberg who’s pivotal â€Å"Hygiene Theory† has contributed a solid basis and foundation for subsequent generations to expand upon. According to Herzberg, for a worker to be happy and therefore productive the environmental factors of his workplace must not cause him discomfort. Herzberg further asserts that although providing employees with a more comfortable environment may in turn make them more productive, this does not necessarily mean they will be motivated to perform their duties.Simonds & Orife, 1975) Herzberg believed that the process of motivating workers is by enhancing their feeling of responsibility and connection to their work. In this case, Herzberg proclaims that it is the work itself that is rewarding. Managers can help the employees connect to their work by giving them more authority over the job, as well as offering direct and individual feedback. The Job Characteristics Model In 1975 Hackman and Oldham advanced the ideas of Herzberg by introducing what they called â€Å"The Job Characteristics Model†. This model is formulated on the assumption that if five core job characteristics are present, thre e psychological states critical to motivation are produced, resulting in positive outcomes. † (Griffin, Patterson, & West, 2001) The five core job characteristics consist of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Hackman and Oldham state that the three psychological states that motivation is dependent upon are experienced meaningfulness of work, responsibility for work outcomes, and knowledge of results. Hackman andOldham then proclaim that to the degree that these psychological states are present, high personal employee work motivation will result. Relevance of Job Enrichment in 2007 The early works of Herzberg and Hackman & Oldham have provided a feasible and effective framework for increasing employee productivity through job enrichment that is just as applicable today as it was when their research was first conducted. Within the past half century there have been numerous researches conducted that provides useful empirical evidence to illus trate the rewards and benefits of job enrichment.We will further discuss each method that an organization can implement in an attempt to improve worker productivity through job implementation. Employee autonomy In a study analyzing job independence as an incentive device to increase employee productivity, Kay Mitusch emphasizes that when employee autonomy is present it can compensate for an organization lacking an extrinsic reward program yet still remain productive. â€Å"This is pivotal for explaining why workers in independent, responsible jobs are willing to invest in their jobs even if there is no reliable, formalized system of rewarding them. (Mitusch, 2000) To provide further evidence of the success of employee autonomy as a method of job enrichment Griffin, Patterson, and West explored the relationship between teams and satisfaction using data from a large research project in the U. K. that investigated management practices and employee attitudes in manufacturing companies. The researchers conducted this study by distributing a questionnaire survey which asked them to rank their preferred working conditions in response to hypothetical situations which were designed to relate to their actual work duties.The study showed that â€Å"job enrichment was positively related to job autonomy but was not significantly related to perceptions of supervisory support. † (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) The researchers also concluded that â€Å"while both autonomy and supervisory support were important positive influences on job satisfaction, the positive association of teamwork on job autonomy was explained by job enrichment that accompanied teamwork and could not be attributed to teamwork itself. (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) This data shows that by simply trusting an employee’s expertise at his or her job and allowing them to operate more independently an employee will develop an increased level of job satisfaction and in turn increase t he productive output of that worker. Skill Variety Another technique to enrich an employee’s work experience is to utilize employees with a wide range of skills so they can apply them to their daily work routine.In his article White Collar Job Enrichment: The Pay Board Experience, Tim McNamar explored the Pay Board’s experience with job enrichment. By replacing a traditional method of processing cases with an approach built around work groups performing interrelated tasks, it increased productivity, provided better motivation, and vastly improved opportunities for individual self-actualization and esteem. † (McNamar, 1973) By changing the previous operational procedures and by allowing employees to engage in more of a shared task structure, the Pay Board experienced increased productivity across the spectrum. The decision to adopt a team concept for case management was not due to any of the traditional reasons given for blue collar job enrichment – high ab senteeism, low morale, and the like. Rather, it was instituted in hopes that it would drastically increase productivity. Nevertheless, the approach turned out to provide a variety of benefits, many of which directly related to the question of job enrichment. † (McNamar, 1973) Also, the inclusion of employees in critical decisions that will effect the organization as a whole, shows improvement in the employee’s orale regarding their importance within the organization and in turn increase their motivation.â€Å"In general, research on participative decision making has found that participation improves employees’ attitudes and increases their organizational commitment and job satisfaction. † (DeLancer Julnes, 2001) Job Feedback Another key aspect of job enrichment can be achieved through the simple process of providing employees with useful feedback concerning the work performance along with clearly established expectations. Job enrichment focuses on creating individual tasks that give people feedback, increase their influence how work is done, require them to use a variety of skills, and give them a whole piece of work. † (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman, 1992) Task significance and task identity The installation of job enrichment by way of task significance is the extent to which an employee’s work has a meaningful impact on other jobs in the same workplace.This can be accomplished with the installation of teams within the employee work population. Teamwork typically involves groups of interdependent employees who work cooperatively to achieve group outcomes. Effective team implementation can enhance the motivational properties of work and increase job satisfaction. † (Griffin, Patterson, and West, 2001) A direct correlation between task significance and task identity can be seen by the use of teams and specific job duties. The idea of task identity is the measure to which the job requires completion of a number of whole a nd identifiable pieces of work. Theoretically, the choice between teams and individual job enrichment should be made based upon the technology of the workplace. Teams are more complicated to build and to maintain, but may be necessary if the work is such that no one individual can do a whole part of it and get feedback about it. Teams are often appropriate, for example, in process production facilities such as a chemical plants and oil refineries and in complex service organizations such as banks and airlines.Where the technology allows an individual to do a whole task or offer a whole service, individual designs are preferred because they are simpler to install and give the individual more direct feedback. † (Mohrman, Lawler, Mohrman , 1992) The city of Rockville, MD conducted an experiment where managers and line staff collaborated in the decision making process and the result was astonishing, including cost savings, improvement of morale and the appreciation of the need for productivity within the organization increased. The key ingredients in the program’s success was the consultation with supervisors and employees and their involvement in selecting the projects. † (Hobbs, 1976) Counter argument of job enrichment Despite all of the overwhelming evidence of the success that is attributed in implementing job enrichment programs there is a minority of speculators that job enrichment is not always the best option when an organization’s sole objective is to reduce costs. The possible increase in the satisfaction of the employees is probably not a sufficient reason for managers to support job enrichment programs. A survey by Reif and Schoderbek showed that the main objective of top management in companies introducing job enrichment programs was to reduce costs. Hence, management support for a new job design approach has to be gained through a cost-benefit treatment to job design. † (Globerson, 1977) If a company’s sole aim is to reduce costs then investing in your current work force might not be the preferable avenue.However, if an organization or company is interested in fully utilizing its talented workforce and provide increased worker motivation and in turn increase worker productivity, then adopting a job enrichment program is the most effective option. Conclusion Throughout the last few decades, the implementation of a job enrichment program has successfully shown to increase employee’s job motivation, satisfaction, self-worth, in an attempt to ultimately increase the overall employee productivity within the organization.No matter what the function or sector of an organization whether it be a government agency, non-profit organization, or company operating within the private sector, the implementation of job enrichment into your organization will result in the key areas of employee production and worker motivation. It is obvious through years of conducted research that a happy and motivat ed workforce coupled with an effective and flexible management will ultimately result in a highly productive organization.Works Cited Albers Mohrman, Susan, Lawler III, Edward E. , Mohrman, Allan M. 992. â€Å"Applying Employee Involvement in Schools. † Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis DeLancer Julnes, Patria. 2001. â€Å"Does Participation Increase Perceptions of Usefulness? † Public Performance & Management Review Globerson, Shlomo. 1977. â€Å"The Just Noticeable Difference in Complexity of Jobs. † Management Science Griffin, Mark A. , Patterson, Malcolm G. , and West, Michael A. 2001. â€Å"Job Satisfaction and Teamwork: The Role of Supervisor Support† Journal of Organizational Behavior Hobbs, Daniel D. â€Å"Productivity Through Worker Incentive and Satisfaction. Public Productivity Review King, Albert S. 1974. â€Å"Expectation Effects in Organizational Change. † Administrative Science Quarterly McNamar, Tim. 1973. â€Å"White Col lar Job Enrichment: The Pay Board Experience. † Public Administration Review Mitusch, Kay. 2000. â€Å"Job Independence as an Incentive Device. † Economica Simonds, Rollin H. and Orife, John N. 1975. â€Å"Worker Behavior Versus Enrichment Theory. † Administrative Science Quarterly Staudohar, Paul D. 1975. â€Å"An Experiment in Increasing Productivity of Police Service Employees† Public Administration Review

Cartel and E-books Essay

The article I selected concerns the upcoming antitrust trial of Apple for colluding with publishers to raise the price of e-books (Chen & Bosman, 2013). Why was the firm investigated for antitrust behavior? Apple was investigated, as well as several publishing companies for conspiring to keep e-book prices high. Amazon is the biggest retailer of e-books, and the publishing business has been thrown into chaos by the popularity of e-books. Publishing companies used the old publishing model of selling e-books like print books where the publisher sells the book to the retailer, like Amazon or Apple, at about half the price of the cover price and the retailer can sell the book at whatever price it chooses. (Chen & Bosman, 2013) Apple entered into contracts with publishers that use an â€Å"agency model† to price e-books. This meant that publishers would set the price of e-books, and the retailer would get 30% of the sale price as profit. Apple also stipulated that publishers could not set a price lower than the price in Apple’s e-book store. (Chen & Bosman, 2013) This action by Apple was investigated because the primary purpose of these contracts was to keep the e-book prices higher, and to reduce competition between booksellers. Amazon, the giant in the market, would not be able to compete on price, and e-books would cost consumers more. Identify some of the costs (pecuniary and nonpecuniary) associated with the antitrust behavior (firms having power in the market). Additionally, note the specific antitrust act (Sherman Act, Clayton Act, etc.) under which the violation was investigated. The pecuniary cost of the actions of Apple is that consumers will pay more money for books, and Apple, as well as other book sellers, will not have to compete on price with Amazon who dominates the market. This will cost Amazon, and booksellers and publishers may make more money at the expense of consumers. The non-pecuniary cost will be that books will not be as available at low prices to consumers who want them, but cannot afford the price. Price fixing is a violation of section 2 of the Clayton Act of 1914. This act prohibits price discrimination that is not based on cost differences that reduces competition. (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2012)  Given your research and findings, are monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) always bad for society? Be sure to provide real world examples of where this may be the case to strengthen your position. Provide at least one example of a case where having a monopoly or oligopoly may actually benefit the society. According to my research in this case, Amazon’s demonstration of oligopoly power is good for society because e-book prices are lower when Amazon tries to block other competitors from entering the e-book market, and more e-books are then available to the public. This is a good real-world example of the positive influence that an oligopoly can have for society, and an example of how regulation is needed, and anti-trust laws, when oligopolies use collusion to compete instead of letting the free-market operate. References Chen, B. X., & Bosman, J. (2013, June 2). E-book antitrust trial of Apple to begin. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2012). Economics (19th ed.). Retrieved from http://devry.vitalsource.com/#/books/0077587766/pages/50192724

A Study On Agile Software Development Business Essay

A Study On Agile Software Development Business Essay Agile software development is a group of methodologies whose basis is iterative development. The requirements and solutions in this develop through collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. Agile methods usually endorse a well-organized project management process that promotes many inspection and adaptation. It endorses a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability, a set of engineering best practices intended to allow for rapid delivery of high-quality software, and a business approach that aligns development with customer needs and company goals. Agile methods promote an iterative mechanism for producing software. They further enhance the iterative nature of the software lifecycle by tightening design-code-test loop to at least once a day (if not much more frequently) as opposed to once per iteration. The theoretical foundations of this framework are found in modern approaches to operations management and analysis, such as lean manufacturing, soft systems methodology, speech act theory (network of conversations approach), and Six Sigma. Agile Vs Waterfall Waterfall Model: The Adoption of waterfall has helped to drive down the failure rate of software development projects, but even with rigorous project management and processes, a full 70 percent of software projects using this methodology fail to meet their objectives. To put this in perspective, waterfall software projects have less than half the success rate (66 percent) of going over Niagara Falls in a barrel. Figure: The waterfall process for software development Agile approach differs from Waterfall in more than one ways, however the major point of difference is that in the waterfall process there are several checks carried out in phases and the team is expected to deliver a particular part in each phase, however in agile the team is expected to carry out their project in iterations instead of phases. At the end of each iteration, the deliver able expected is a working code that can be continuously improved in order to cope up with the ever changing needs of the demanding client. However, in case of Waterfall, it is assumed that all the needs and requirements of the client are known precisely right at the beginning of the project. Alibi the software development industry is such that , it is often very difficult to understand the exact requirements of the customer at the beginning of the project. This is the major shortcoming of waterfall, where the development team is seldom able to meet the expectations of the customer. Agile methodologies embrace iterations. Small teams work together with stakeholders to define quick prototypes, proof of concepts, or other visual means to describe the problem to be solved. The team defines the requirements for the iteration, develops the code, and defines and runs integrated test scripts, and the users verify the results. Verification occurs much earlier in the development process than it would with waterfall, allowing stakeholders to fine-tune requirements while they’re still relatively easy to change. 1. XP Extreme programming mainly focuses on the development; it does not lay too much emphasis on the management perspective of the software projects. The main purpose with which XP was designed was that all organizations could adopt it for free in its entirety or partly.

200 Villagers Houses Burnt Down Again Near Barrick Gold Mine in Papua Essay

200 Villagers Houses Burnt Down Again Near Barrick Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea - Essay Example This behavior of the national court is known to be a result of Barrick Limited request. The expected impact on the company as a result of such unethical behavior will have severe impact on the company’s reputation, sales and stock prices as it has violated human rights of the citizens of Papua New Guinea and also demonstrated lack of environmental responsibility. However, this extent of this impact depends on the extent of public awareness and international community/communities about this issue. Barrick Gold Corporation cannot be considered as an ethical corporation as it has violated the human rights of the villagers of Papua New Guinea and also has failed to do business in environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. Barrick Gold operates its but Porgera subsidy as a joint venture with the local government. It is possible to suggest that actions undertaken against the local citizens of Porgera village were initiated solely by the government of Papua New Guinea, however, it doesn’t relieve the company from ethical responsibility. One of the competitors of Barrick Gold is Sumatra Copper & Gold plc. This company has established a detailed Code of Business Conduct, which covers â€Å"a wide range of business practices and procedures† and sets up guiding ethical principles for all employees and managers of the company (Sumatracoppergold.com, 2014). Also, the company seeks to minimize the environmental risks at the company’s sites and comply (Sumatracoppergold.com, 2014), while Barrick Porgera Gold mine obviously fails to do so, despite its claims (Barrick.com, 2014). In order to address the problem there should be undertaken some serious measures and initiatives. First of all the company has to adjust its financial plans to the sustainability principles, which pursue not only economic benefits, but also social and environmental benefits. Thus, the company has to adjust the whole strategy to become socially and

Psychoneuroimmuniology - The relationship between dealing with death Research Paper

Psychoneuroimmuniology - The relationship between dealing with death and patients with leukemia - Research Paper Example The immune system works hand-in-hand with the brain to control temperature in the body and sleep. Coordination between the nervous and the immune system facilitates communication by initiating the release of certain hormones. The nervous system regulates the release of neurotransmitters thus enhancing the body’s ability to sense danger and provides the necessary response. A common issue in PNI is stress, which refers to the increase in undesirable tension that inhibits proper body functioning. It is a known fact that anxiety, depression and issues related to stress have an impact of the immune system of an individual. To put the matter into perspective, health defects for instance arthritis and heart disease are mainly attributable to stress. According to Upton (2013), in the occurrence of stress, the hypothalamus produces hormones that the immune system works on to create energy necessary for quick response. It is important to point out that foods that enhance inflammation contain starch and fats contents. Biologically, starch influences the levels of insulin and glucose in the blood. A high level of insulin does not only increase stress but it also results in depression. Insights from the concept perceive depressed people to be more prone to osteoporosis and myocardial infarction. Troubled association between the immune and the nervous system delay s the healing process. The relevance of PNI stems from the ability to exercise control on stress thereby strengthening the body and mind of a person. As per research, PNI is a promising field that may revolutionize the functioning of the immune system by connecting the mind and the body. Improving the defence mechanism reduces illnesses thereby making health to be stable. Procedures of biofeedback make it possible to treat cases of anxiety and migraine among patients (MateÃŒ , 2011). This is because sensors involved in the procedures enable individuals to exercise the relaxation of muscles and

Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking Questions - Essay Example This paper will discuss the composition of a successful lesson plan, the importance of considering students’ backgrounds and strategies of differentiated instruction. A lesson framework acts as the instructor’s guide to what students should learn and how it will be implemented effectively within the allocated class time (O'Bannon, 2008). Before planning a lesson, an instructor should identify the learning objectives and design appropriate learning activities and strategies to get feedback on student learning. A successful lesson plan is made up of objectives for student learning, teaching and learning activities and ways of checking student understanding (O'Bannon, 2008). A well created plan includes; A) The goals the lesson is reaching towards B) The measurable outcomes in acquired skills at the end of the lesson C) Ratio of the expected number of students to the teacher D) Previous knowledge of the learners E) Required time for each teaching and learning session F) Co nsideration of cultural differences, specific needs and learning styles of individuals G) Methods of evaluating the lesson Lesson plans may be varied by certain aspects in different content areas. They may include the content, introduction, goals, objectives, materials, and development (Wong, 1998). The introduction describes the area of focus and ways of getting and retaining the students’ attention while motivating them to participate in the learning process. Getting the students to attend and respond to different introductions sets the stage for the upcoming lessons. Under contents, the teacher lists the key concepts, facts and skills the lesson intends to cover (Wong, 1998). A teacher may also prepare an outline with key learning outcomes. The goals identify the aims or desired results that students should achieve at the end of the planned lesson. They are the end products and broad in nature and relate to the knowledge and skills identified in the contents. Objectives id entify what the students are expected to achieve in the tasks they will be engaged in within the learning process. They are behavioral and performance specific in nature (Wong, 1998). They outline what will be under observance in student performance and the criteria by which they can be measured. The list of materials outlines the resources that will be used throughout the lesson for a successful ending. It may also include technological resources that vary according to the desired results (Wong, 1998). Different development strategies describe how a teacher plans, models and explains what students should do. Modeling the learning behaviors expected of students demonstrates whether they can imitate and practice on their own. Different areas of learning will have different development plans (Wong, 1998). Students in the same class have varying learning abilities. Among them, there are differences in learning style, background knowledge, language proficiency and readiness to learn. Ho wever, regardless of their individual differences, they are expected to understand the same principles, concepts and skills. This requires innovative thinking from the teachers (Wong, 1998). They should provide several learning options that help students understand information and make sense out of concepts and skills conveyed to them. Furthermore, they should present appropriate levels of challenge to all categories of students, including those with quick understanding

Anaesthetic nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anaesthetic nursing - Essay Example A litre bag of Hartman was also started. The spinal anaesthesia was performed in the sitting position at L4/L5 with 2.4mls of bupivacaine 0.5% in hyperbaric dextrose solution of â€Å"Heavy Marcaine†. Immediately following the spinal block, the patient was put back in the supine position, and the operating table altered with left lateral tilt to diminish aorto-caval compression. About 3 minutes later the patient’s blood pressure fell to 103/56mmhg which was the first sign of the effect of spinal anaesthesia. As the medical team was waiting for the spinal to take full effect, the blood pressure further dropped to 86/51mmHg. The patient also complained of nausea and â€Å"not feeling well† and experienced progressive difficulty to breathe. The features that need to be considered are the increasing hypotension that she has suffered, the progressive difficulty in breathing and the nauseous feeling with general unease. sophisticated equipment along with the advantage of developed techniques. Operations are being performed on an ambulatory basis with advanced technologies to meet the demands of a busy environment (Tarkkila 2007). Providing anaesthesia without complications ensures a high degree of satisfaction. However the potential risk is a failure of spinal anaethesia due to incorrect needle placement unlike the other anaesthetic methods where the risk of failure is low. Haemodynamic complications are also possible. Hypotension is one such event which occurs due to the cardiovascular side effects (Tarkkila 1991). The hypotension is a normal physiological effect but it can turn into a complication if the level falls low enough to cause problems. The blood pressure at which interventions are necessary to correct the hypotension has not been decided yet. Clinical judgement by the anaesthesiologist is the method to decide the point to intervene (Tarkkila 2007). Spinal anaesthesia produces a fast, effective and high quality sensory and motor block of the

October 2007 IMF-World Bank Annual Meeting Essay

October 2007 IMF-World Bank Annual Meeting - Essay Example housing market, adverse credit conditions, and the rapid appreciation of some currencies could be some of the areas of concern in the days to come. Djoudi confirmed that the World Bank is defining strategic directions to address this growing threat. The World Bank would focus on good governance and financial stability frameworks, knowledge transfer, and cohesive agreements on trade and aid to mitigate the impacts. Otohiko Endo (Temporary Alternate Governor of the Bank and the Fund for JAPAN) suggested that "IMF should establish a new crisis-resolution strategy built upon the responses to the movement of private capital across borders". He said that IMF must set up a user-friendly preventive instrument, taking into consideration the views of major emerging market economies. For surveillance, he recommended that "IMF should shift its emphasis from a static analysis of the current situation toward a dynamic analysis of the risk of financial crises over a medium-term horizon". Globalization was identified as one of the other primary challenges. Globalization has brought uneven benefits to the billions in middle income countries and the developed countries are also facing the opportunities and strains of globalization. A few steps, as suggested by the participants, to mitigate the risks of globalization include: Leveraging the strengths and synergies among the four principal entities that make up the World Bank Group - IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA. IDA 15 replenishment with more contribution from the World Bank. Stronger growth strategy for IFC. Better cooperation between IDA and IFC to boost the private sector in poorer economies. Price simplification and reduction for loans from IBRD. World Bank President Bob Zoellick assured that the development committee would focus on strategic direction of the World Bank Group, IDA15 replenishment, and the role of the Bank in the fight against global climate change. Infratructure is also a basic necessity in the global economic environment, a lack of which is a definite threat to growth. It is serious concern, considering that the investment in infrastructure has declined significantly in developing countries. Corruption in governments is one of the key detriments to infrastructure development. A World Bank report says that Africa could have saved $45 billion in road reconstruction costs if had spent just around $12 billion [in the late 80s] towards maintenance of the roads. So, the issue in most of the developing countries is not only lack of infrastructure, but a lack of will to invest in it, coupled with corruption. Reforms or Changes in IMF Policy The Minister of Finance for Nigeria - Shamsuddeen Usman - emphasized that the developing countries need a greater voice and representation in the two institutions, and the greater voice would come only through the quota arrangements. He called for "at least a tripling of the basic votes for the developing countries, and the other quota and voice reforms, especially using

Asian Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asian Culture - Essay Example Companies such as Toyota, Honda and Hyundai slowly made a name through their efficient and affordable models competing with homegrown brands such as Ford and General Motors. The McDonald’s catchphrase of ‘I’m lovin it’ has seen many translations in different countries to be consistent in each culture. Yes, to an extent there is truth that ‘trade follows manga.’ Personally I have heard of ‘Naruto’ and seen it in passing. I have also seen kids with the same character on some of their things including the head band which the main character wears. I am not quite sure if ‘Pokemon’ is a manga but as a Japanese anime it has been a constant sight in toy stores for years. But I have not bought any similar product nor had been propelled to buy Japanese brands for such reason. Yes, because hybrid advertising is the only way for them to reach out to that audience. It must be noted though that for most of these advertising strategies they target a specific demarcation which may already have in the first place an interest in the product. They do not have to please everybody especially overly conservative members of the population or else they run the possibility of losing the advertisement’s inherent content and message. What is acceptable is a personal conception and differs accordingly. Yes, I think that most countries are more accepting of Japan’s cuteness culture. It must be understood that most of these things cater to children and teenagers although there are still adult followings. What children like they like no matter what nationality they have. This is the same reason Disney movies or television shows are popular across the globe. Things like manga, anime and others are very appealing to particular demographics regardless of their geographical location. 6. As mentioned, new media microblogs are slowly replacing the traditional mainstream media, such as TV and newspapers. What do you think the new media will

In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the Essay

In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the printed book change during the first hundred years of its existence in Europe - Essay Example There are different purposes for printing: to inform, educate, sell, and entertain or to impress. The function aspect of printing includes the audience, copywriting the message and cost of printing (Grendler 1993, p43). Form and function have to work together in order to accomplish a printing goal. Print has a rich and long history, dating back to 500-800 AD, when Chinese used woodblock kind of printing. This printing was called the woodblock method (Eisenstein 2005, p52). It involved engraving the background on wood. This was used for both illustrations and text. Page normally consisted of multiple wood blocks joined together. When the page was complete, it would then be inked and a printing surface such as a sheet of paper placed over it. This kind of printing usually consumed a lot of time and effort and it was also not durable (Moran 1973, p45). Printing as we know it could not have been possible without the important invention of Johann Gutenberg. This German inventor came up with a printing press that completely changed the world of printing (Childress 2008, p37). The printing press is a machine that integrates several technologies such as ink and paper and movable type printing. The printing press also changed the function and form of the printed book during the first h undred years of its existence in renaissance Europe (Grendler 1993, p45). This paper aims at exploring the ways in which the printed book’s form and function changed during this time. It also analyses the reasons that led to this change. In order to print one has to have type. The types used in printed books were somewhat different from those used in Manuscripts. Type fonts were created depending on the local scripts that were in use (Grendler 1993, p61). Much of the type used in the early years of printing was usually calligraphic, meaning that it imitated handwriting. In 1476, the Englishman William Caxton

Last runway show Essay Example for Free

Last runway show Essay Some say that you are only as good as your last runway show, your last achievement. And every now and then you have to prove yourself worthy because we all have to move forward and face more challenges and obstacles in our life. It is how the way our life works, if we stop moving forward, we also risk the chances of living a happy and beautiful life. I was always an overachiever and I have wanted things that have challenged me to be overcome and to overcome it successfully. I have always worked on time, wanted to not reach deadlines, afraid that I do not have time to apply changes if necessary. I followed a strict schedule and I had the discipline to do so. I was organized and I had my own system on how my organization will follow. I never asked for anything else because I knew that if I worked hard for what I want, I will get. But I was wrong. I did not take failure lightly, especially failing an exam. It was the exam that could have changed my life. It was the exam that I wanted to ace out of all the exams that I took before it. I never wanted to know the results when I took this exam because somewhere inside of me I knew I was going to fail. And that was not like me at all. I was always excited to find out the results of an exam or a contest that I joined because I know I did so well there was not a chance that I would not get what I want. But this time was different, I failed. There is no one else to blame for this failure other than myself.   I will have to gobble up my pride and let this setback take control of my life. For now, at least. It has been weeks now and for some time I realized that failure is just a part of life. I was so consumed by all the success that I have had for the past years in my life that I never understood the importance of failing. It made me understand things more. It actually made me get to know myself more because I got to evaluate some issues about how I approached the exam, about my scheduling, and mostly about how arrogant I have become. I thought that maybe it was fate’s plan to put me through all of these and carry with me on my way out a lifelong lesson that I have never encountered before because it is the first time that I failed on something major and life changing. I would not say that I loved the experience, but I would say that I would not want this to turn out any other way than it did now. I am not afraid to take any exam or even this same exam again. Because I have faith in myself that I would now do better than I did the first time. I learned that I can reach out to other people when I need them and that they are willing to help me if I just asked. I knew who my real friends are. Those who do not look at me lowly even if I went through this, those who gave me more support instead of laugh at me, and most especially those who encouraged me to not be afraid to try again. If this ever happens again, I know I have these people to run to. If this happens again I will now have the strength to accept failure and feel as if it is a part of everybody’s life, and not just mine. I know I can face whatever challenge that lies ahead of me, because I realized that there is more to life than winning, and it’s actually losing. Losing is not a bad thing; it is always a good thing. It is when you can evaluate yourself and get to know yourself more. Look at your weakness and strategic failures and learn where you will be tweaking for the next challenge that comes your way. We do not always get what we want, it sounds clichà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ but there is a reason behind it. There is something better for us out there and we have got to stick long enough to find it and get our happy ending.

Figuring Fixed Costs Essay Example for Free

Figuring Fixed Costs Essay 10.1 The highest number of meals served was 4,900 in December, with the lowest of meals being 3,500 in July making a difference of 1,400 of meals served, between the two months. The cost per meal variable is 1400à ·$5500.00 for a total of $3.93 (WHDM’s) fixed cost is computed as follows $20,500.00-(3,500*$3.93) =$6,745.00 According to the following â€Å"formula: PX=A+Bx 5.77x=$6,745+$3.93† 5.77-$3.93=$6,745+ ($3.93-$3.93) 1.84x=$6,745 1.84x*1.84x=$6,745*1.84x â€Å"X=3,666 Monthly BEP 3,666*12= 43,992 BEP for the fiscal year† (Oppapers.com, 2012), for the Westchester Home- Service Meal Delivery program, since the program received 45,000 meals to serve and only needed 43,992 of them their profit is going to come from selling the other 1008 meals at a . 84 per meal making a profit of $1,854.72. 10.2 NRCC and Its BEP Annual revenue = $20.00 per subscription Annual variable rise for â€Å"making and mailing six bimonthly issues has risen 4.50 â€Å"(Martin, L., 2001) (NRCC) annual fixed cost is 6,000 + 3,900 = 9,900 Per subscription (NRCC’s) annual margin would be 20-4.5 for a total of 15.5 Making their BEP as follows 9,900/15.5 equaling 639 PX = A+Bx 20x=6,000+3,900+4.50x 20x=9,900+4.50x 20x-4.50x=9,900+ (4.50x-4.50x) 15.5x=9,900 15.5x/15.5x=9,900/15.5x X=639 No way is this feasible, because there are two staff members, who are all ready at the maxim capacity of 650, leaving no capacity for any kind of slack. References: Martin, L. (2001). Financial Management for Human Services Administrators. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon http://www.oppapers.com, 2012 http://www.studymode.com,2013 University of Phoenix. (2001). Financial Management for Human Service Administrator. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HSM 260 website.

Controlling Organized Crime

Controlling Organized Crime Crime is a part of society. It would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ve to believe that a society could completely rid itself of crime. Crime is based on the perception and the actions of individuals. Some see their actions as good and some see them as bad. The problem with this is that sometimes the perception of those committing negative acts that society views as crimes do not see their actions as criminal. Crime is based on the actions of the individuals and depending upon the moral statutes that the society has brought upon them the society deems what is criminal by what they perceive and have implemented as illegal. In this paper an attempt to identify the problems, which are obtainable, and the innumerable associations recognized through organized crime will be established. We will attempt to designate the legitimate boundaries correlated with contesting organized crime, involving an analysis of the general national laws and stratagems that sustenance this exertion. We will also attempt to propo se a convincing clarification regarding controlled organized crime by examining and assessing the efficiency of organized crime examinations. Problems Although most issues related to social control or moral regulation have a political aspect to them, discussions related to organized crime are steeped in politics-from the creation of illegal markets in the first place, to the declarations of the size of the threat and the passing into force of extra-ordinary legislation to attack the problem (Beare, 1999). Organized crime creates various problems by the relationships that it establishes. Much of these problems come from the idea that organized crime is involved with and has its influence over politics. When organized crime is involved in politics this can have many severe and negative effects for the citizens of the United States as well as for the policy makers within the government. When those involved in organized crime begin to be involved with those elected to make our policies and laws that we live by the representatives of the people to forbid being representing the people any longer, and this makes them corrupt. When our policy makers become corrupt the legal system and what it stands for fails. Corruption in politics created by organized crime is just one example of a problem that these types of relationships can create. Legal Limitations Organized crime presents the leading contemporary challenge to federal and state law enforcement officials (Miller, 1965). The problem that these create occur with the legal limitations and difficulty that serve law enforcement officials concerning charging and arresting is with how these organized crime syndicates perform their illegal activities. They use cloak methods through intricate business transactions through store front, hidden, and fictitious businesses that they use to mask their undercover activities. This method is used to hide the amount of money that the organized crime groups are making through clever bookkeeping and hidden transactions. The goal of the United States law enforcement is to combat illegal activities. The primary legal limitation that is found with organized criminal activity is much of the activity is financial. The schema is presented is that the majority of their actions are based on violence. If this were true an arrest, and a charge would be easier to create but that the majority of the activity is hidden and cloaked financial transactions it makes it much more difficult to track and ultimately catch. Solutions The police do not have magical solutions in its battle with organized crime, (Khoury, 2006). In short many believe that organized crime will never end. It may be combated, it may decrease over time, but it will always exist. The key effort should not be in eliminating organized crime because this is widely viewed as a part of our society that will remain, but more along the lines how those involved and have taken actions that are illegal can be prosecuted. The solutions to preventing organized crime will come through finding ways to track down those involved and charging them with their crimes. The largest and most effective means of deterrence will come from showing those involved that their actions can and will be punished. This should come from more effective training for law enforcement and providing them with a better more efficient means of conducting investigations. Once the criminals involved in the processes of illegal organized crime activity the punishments should be harsh and severe. The deterrence will be extremely effective if those involved will see that the risk they are taking by experiencing involvement is not outweighed by the rewards. Those involved in organized criminal activity need to be aware that if caught their punishments will be severe. Conclusion Organized crime are acts carried out for profit or power, by more than two people acting together over a long or indeterminate period, through the abuse of commercial structures, the use of violence or intimidation, and possessing an effect on political life, the media, public administration, justice, or the economy (ideaconnection.com, 2011). Organized crime has existed after that crime has existed. When there are laws that people disagree with that prevent them from making a profit to improve their lives, those people will find a way to circumvent that law to achieve their goals. Organized crime is largely based on a desire to perform an activity, which is deemed illegal to the gain of the group that disagrees with the law. They see it is a preventative measure to keep them from being successful. Those involved in organized crime have chosen to live a life of crime and use what our society has deemed to be illegal as a profession. They are employed criminals. It would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ ve to say that this will ever end or that there is a specific way to solve or eliminate this from ever happening. The laws and regulations already in place do not work and only prevent law abiding citizens from achieving more because obviously those involved in organized crime already do not abide by the laws. The only way to prevent organized crime is to make fewer things illegal.

intro to philosophy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intro to Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paper #2 Question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Internet also known as the â€Å"information superhighway of the world†, is increasingly becoming the most prevalent form in which to gather and distribute information. This issue brings up a number of moral dilemmas concerning the lack of censorship and editorial monitoring in this immense communication system. Some of the questions that have arisen are whether or not freedom of speech should be controlled, to an extent, and if so where would those barriers be drawn. Also, should the truth behind Internet publications be monitored, access to inappropriate material be denied to certain individuals, and should laws be passed to prevent the exploitation of unknowing bystanders. These issues are not only controversial but also extremely complicated to pursue through legal terms and justifications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First Amendment of the Constitution grants everyone in the United States the freedom of speech and press, thus the Internet phenomenon is protected regardless of the perverse nature which it is capable of presenting. Ultimately, it is possible for anyone to express his or her own beliefs, whether considered true or not, through the Internet. This in turn leads many unsuspecting youths and even some adults to believe the â€Å"lies† they read just because it is out there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Stuart Mill’s work, On Liberty explains Mill’s notion of freedom and his justifications behind his concepts. This work was originally published in 1859 but due to its advanced theories it is possible to apply these conceptions to the moral dilemmas the Internet possess. Mill’s philosophies are considered utilitarianistic, this means that the value something possesses is determined by its utility, also actions should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the largest group of people. With this in mind we can further understand Mill’s theories on liberty, freedom and whether they should be controlled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mill’s explains that freedom of speech and expression are essential to the mental well being of mankind. To refuse a person the right to express their opinion because it is contrary to popular belief would be a great wrong. This is because without these different opinions there would be no need to justify those beliefs held widely. Lack of practice in explaining the attributes of certain beliefs will make them forgotten and these â€Å"truths† would lose meaning. Mill’s clarifies a misconception about truths with the following statement:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  truth always triumphs over persecution, is one intro to philosophy :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intro to Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paper #2 Question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Internet also known as the â€Å"information superhighway of the world†, is increasingly becoming the most prevalent form in which to gather and distribute information. This issue brings up a number of moral dilemmas concerning the lack of censorship and editorial monitoring in this immense communication system. Some of the questions that have arisen are whether or not freedom of speech should be controlled, to an extent, and if so where would those barriers be drawn. Also, should the truth behind Internet publications be monitored, access to inappropriate material be denied to certain individuals, and should laws be passed to prevent the exploitation of unknowing bystanders. These issues are not only controversial but also extremely complicated to pursue through legal terms and justifications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First Amendment of the Constitution grants everyone in the United States the freedom of speech and press, thus the Internet phenomenon is protected regardless of the perverse nature which it is capable of presenting. Ultimately, it is possible for anyone to express his or her own beliefs, whether considered true or not, through the Internet. This in turn leads many unsuspecting youths and even some adults to believe the â€Å"lies† they read just because it is out there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Stuart Mill’s work, On Liberty explains Mill’s notion of freedom and his justifications behind his concepts. This work was originally published in 1859 but due to its advanced theories it is possible to apply these conceptions to the moral dilemmas the Internet possess. Mill’s philosophies are considered utilitarianistic, this means that the value something possesses is determined by its utility, also actions should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the largest group of people. With this in mind we can further understand Mill’s theories on liberty, freedom and whether they should be controlled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mill’s explains that freedom of speech and expression are essential to the mental well being of mankind. To refuse a person the right to express their opinion because it is contrary to popular belief would be a great wrong. This is because without these different opinions there would be no need to justify those beliefs held widely. Lack of practice in explaining the attributes of certain beliefs will make them forgotten and these â€Å"truths† would lose meaning. Mill’s clarifies a misconception about truths with the following statement:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  truth always triumphs over persecution, is one

Hip Hop Essay -- Culture Hip Hop Music Essays

Hip Hop Hip-hop is a musical art form, created by African-Americans and Latino-Americans in the mid seventies. Its conception came from a young generation of African-Americans in the Bronx, who created a beautiful, prideful expression of music, art and dance from a backdrop of poverty. Since that ignition in a New York City borough, it has inspired people from all socio-economic and cultural backgrounds all across the world. When hip-hop is discussed as an art form and not just as rap, it usually is meant to include the four elements: the DJ, the emcee, graffiti writing, and break dancing. Some of these were around before the words "hip-hop" were uttered, but they reestablished their identities within hip-hop. I have been listening to a growing range of hip-hop for five years, steadily. However, I do not adhere myself to hip-hop by identity, meaning I don't rap, DJ, break-dance, or write graffiti on a regular basis. Thus I accept my fan status, but I do consider myself an educated fan, and since hip-hop has given me a lot in terms of ideas, joy, and enlightenment, I will try to regard it with the respect that it deserves as well as make a conscious effort to open my eyes to the conditions of racial discrimination in this country. My methodology in conducting this field report was to read the work of respected journalists on hip-hop, or by hip-hop artists, watch the movie Wildstyle, a revered and influential movie that is now nearly 20 years old and which documents hip-hop as it was in the Bronx. Hip-hop is my primary listening interest, and I do consider five years of listening to hip-hop and seeing hip-hop shows a resource. The idea of learning hip-hop through books is laughable to many of those wh... ...1982 (!), the year that I was born, was so pure, unaffected by what the image the industry wanted it to have later on. The books I read I enjoyed immensely, challenging my ideas, what I though were facts, and making me think harder. Unfortunately, I wasn. t able to supplement this report with an interview, however there was nobody with the exception of a professor whom I wished to interview. I could have gathered more viewpoints on this subject, but I think the sources I. ve quoted are very reliable. Works Cited: 1. George, Nelson. 1998. Hip-hop America. Penguin Putnam Inc. New York, New York. 2. Wimsatt, William Upski. 1994. Bomb the Suburbs. The Subway and Elevated Press Company, Chicago. 3. Wildstyle. Directed by Charlie Ahearn. 1982. 4. Sexton, Adam. 1995. Rap on Rap: Straight-up talk on hip-hop culture. Dell Publishing, New York.

Winter Moon :: essays research papers

Critique of Winter Moon In Winter Moon by Dean Koontz a cloudy Los Angeles, California day is shattered when a hot Hollywood director turns a city street into a fiery abyss. A heroic police officer, Jack McGarvey, is badly wounded in the inferno and will not be able to walk for months. Little does Jack know that a series of events will lead him and his family to a ranch in Montana. On that isolated ranch they discover their destiny in a horrific encounter with a ruthless and puzzling enemy from which neither the living nor dead are safe. Koontz’s novels seem to have one thing in common. Their themes are about how the human mind and spirit relate to things in life. He doesn’t stray from that commonality in Winter Moon. Koontz’s purpose in writing the book was to show that the power of the mind is yet an unmatched force. Both my mother and I agree that he accomplished this very well. His use of characters also fits a pattern that has developed in his writing. Koontz uses the same two characters in many of his novels: the heroic, faithful male and the strong female. Koontz’s employment of indirect characterization is impeccable, and makes the reader feel as though they really know the characters. At the beginning, the book can seem confusing, whereas Koontz jumps back and forth from character to character. I feel that after the reader has become accustomed to it, the switching between characters creates good stopping points. However, my mom found it annoying and didn’t like the switching. Koontz explodes into action during the first chapter, which grips the reader and holds their attention throughout the rest of the book. The novel starts out as two separate stories: a police officer’s family living in L.A. and an old retired man living in Montana. As the book progresses the two stories become more connected, and finally intertwined. The book can seem confusing at the start. However, the confusion of the reader is used by Koontz to make the ending more intense. Koontz certainly unleashes his vivid imagination in this novel, whereas some of the details and occurrences can leave a weak stomached reader feeling nauseous. My mom said that she couldn’t sleep after reading one of the more disturbing sequences of events. The setting of Winter Moon occurs in two different places. Two places that are complete opposites: Los Angeles, California and a ranch in Montana.

Humanities nature vs nurture Essay

Some people believe nature is more influential. Got example in the case of the Jim twins. They were separated at birth and around 30 years later they discovered each. It showed that throughout the years they had not known each they had made a lot of similar decisions. Their kids had the same name, the same car and wives were the same. This proves that your genetics play a vital part into the choices you make as you go older. On the other hand some people nurture plays more of a part in the way we act as we grow older. For example Kamala and Amala. These were children who were brought up my wolves. Whether our inborn characteristics are more responsible in our resultant personality or any experiences we will make, has been the topic of discussion among scientists under the title of â€Å"Nature vs Nurture† for years. Biologists believe that the only factor behind individual’s personality is his genome. In contrast, socio-biologists argue that the environment and experiences that one gains during his life, build his personality. I am inclined to believe that the traits we are born with are more responsible genetically in building human’s personality. Some cases of children who were left in the wilderness and raised with wild animals indicate the significance of mothering–nurturing. When those isolated children were found, they were unable to speak language, even a word, and their behaviors were not unlike animals’. If they were born with a special ‘innate’ ability which enables, nativists believe, children to magically acquire everything from language to social manner at ease, why not these wild children failed to acquire the custom of human society? One tragic experiment conducted by a German king proves that one’s language, one type of the intelligence, is not naturally acquired, but learned after years of exposure. The King hoped to find out what language a child would speak if not being told any language after birth. The result was disastrous: All infants who were the subject of this experiment died before the first year, not acquiring any language at all. If human being’s intelligence were really genetically determined, all cases mentioned above would never happen. With the innate property which they are given from birth, they should’ve been able to have proper behavior and speak language without any external help. Unfortunately, that is not true. After a few years of a good mothering, human beings become independent and mature, so their intelligence does. Therefore, ‘nurture’ is a more significant factor in human’s intelligence.

Article Analysis Essay

frame a short, defecate summary of the nameThe member argues that the western should apply economic sanctions coupled with hostage pressure in order to encumber Iran from further development of its nuclear program. The former believes that sanctions would work better than incentives through non providing rewards for inappropriate behavior. The fountain concludes that, in fountain sanctions fail, preemptive strike is not the better(p) solution, but it is more preferable to the locating in which Iran acquires nuclear weapons.What is the context of the name?The article, published in winter 2007 anesthetize of plaza einsteinium Quarterly, appeargond in the center of the heated debate on the accomplishable measures utilize to prevent Iran from developing its nuclear program. At that time, several approaches were on the instrument panel (e.g. American, European, and Russian suggestions), and an unbiased analysis of the communicate utileness of each approach was pass ing needed.What seems to be the agents spirit?The springs purpose is to represent his stance on the stance in Iran and explicate the rationale behind the beliefs he holds concerning this matter. He also aims to persuade auditory modality of the necessity to adopt the suggested approach.In what compositors case of publication did this appear? Describe it.The article appeared in core East Quarterly. It is every quarter journal devoted on Middle Eastern affairs. The publication has been referred to as a useful resource of information on political, economic, and cultural developments in the region for politicians, academics, and journalists. master(prenominal) types of articles published there include in-depth studies, interviews, commentary, and reviews.Write a brief analysis of the germs credentials and possible expertness or bias. If no information is unattached on the indite, try to take a guess based upon his or her friendship and writing ability, which you cleverness derive from the article.The author of the article is Patrick Clawson, senior editor of the Middle East Quarterly, is director for research at the majuscule Institute for Near East Policy. He is a well-established expert on Middle Eastern affairs and the author of more than seventy articles about regional affairs that appeared in reputable publications worry New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post. Persian nuclear program has been his think for several years already unmatched of his books is titled Getting Ready for a Nuclear Ready Iran.Who seems to be the objective consultation? Be specific.The target auditory modality of this article encompasses members of public-at-large interested in reality politics and Middle Easters affairs. This publication is not intended for professionals dealings with the issue of Iran or academics it does not operate terminology or entropy that needs particular expertise in foreign relations. However, the article presumes tha t the authorization reader is aware of the development of the situation in Iran since it refers to certain well-known facts and tactual sensation concerning the problem. The author also assumes that the target reference has sufficient education take and liberal knowledge of international affairs to be able to grasp certain diachronic examples or evaluate data supplied by international organizations.In short delimitate form, show the authors stance. Then, apologise and evaluate the presentation of the authors stance. In other words, whats the dissertation? What reasons are given for this stance? argon the reasons supported well? The author argues that the watt should opt for exerting economic pressure on Iran. He argues that the country is dependant on international economic transactions in securing its social welfare. The author suggests a list of measures that king be effective in dealing with Iran, such as harshening restrictions concerning financial operations and trad e, pressuring charities that work closely with Iranian leaders, discourage the investment in Irans inunct and gas industry, decreasing the presence of international firms and financial institutions in the country. These sanctions will be effective since the primary concern of Iranian government now is delivering its promises in basis of raising quality of life and well-being of the nations.However, economic sanctions are not replete and should be coupled with security bonus through showing how a conclusiveness to denounce the nuclear program faculty contribute to the viability of the country.In the concluding section, he argues that using preemptive military magnate is not the best option. Explanation for that is build earlier in the text approach shot on Iran can be used to rekindle the lost fervor of new days.Analyze the writers phraseology. What is the writers tone? Why might he or she have elect this tone? Is it effective? What words are defined or left obscure? Give examples.Writers language and tone are both effective if we keep target audience in mind. The language of the article is easily kind yet very official. Some rhetorical devices (i.e. rhetorical questions) are used to reinforce writers thesis. However, the article relies on logical rather than emotional appeal.As for the terms, security inducements referred to in the last chapter forward the conclusion are loosely defined, specially as compared with economic sanctions which are listed and discussed in lucubrate.Based upon your analysis, is this a credible writing of writing? Explain.It is possible to conclude that the article is a credible piece of writing. abstracted in-depth analysis or innovative approach, it provides a comprehensive summary of main arguments on the issues and has no factual mistakes.Finally, and in detail (really think about thisrefer to specifics) how do the stance and language choices relate to the authors purpose and target audience? Explain.Since the arti cle is a persuasive essay, the author explains his argument carefully and consistently. Taking into tale that the target audience consists of members of public-at-large rather than academics, every argument is backed by approachable analysis and abundant factual data (such as figures, quotations, and historical examples). Since the educational level of target audience is high, the author keeps inwardly the limits of official and quasiscientific style of writing.

Complex Moralities Essay

According to Aristotle, for a writer to create an interesting example it moldiness be morally complex, meaning it must inhabit of non only good or severely morals, just now both. schoolmaster Hugos The Hunchback of Notre hiss has a few examples of this trait in its master(prenominal) components. Claude F envelopo, the priest, shows moral complexness, as he is the novels antagonist only when is in like homoner very pity in his feelings toward Esmeralda. Phoebus, who is a nobleman, a soldier, and the captain of the poufs archers, is also one to cheat on his groom-to-be, Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, and later ignore his chance to give up Esmeralda during her execution.Quasimodo is another quality example of moral complexity because while he remains loyal to Esmeralda in every way that he can, he also doesnt hesitate in pushing Frollo morose the ledge and withdrawing dozens of Truands. Moral complexity allows a reader to think about each character with more depth. Cla ude Frollo, Esmeralda, and Quasimodo all nominate positive as well as negative aspects to their personalities, which creates what Aristotle would consider to be interesting characters for this reason.In the germ of the novel, Frollo shows his compassion and committal when he takes in his new(a)er brother, Jehan, and later adopts Quasimodo afterwards his p atomic number 18nts left him as a child. Though Frollo try his best to mold scholarly individuals out of the young orphans they soon became symbols of his failure, as Jehan drinks and gambles his money away and Quasimodos deafness prevents almost any miscellany of learning. Frollos obsessive longing for La Esmeralda causes her to be hanged and Quasimodo to be tortured.It seems that everything he tries to do ends negatively, and that by make himself a priest made himself a demon (Hugo 282). No matter the effort he puts in to open Esmeralda spang him, he only ends up do her pain. His obsession leads him to do things he wou ld otherwise neer do. His compelling fixation with this infatuating gypsy girl leads him to injure Phoebus with a dagger that only Esmeralda sees descend upon Pheobus, and progress again dripping (Hugo 165). Frollos compassion and partially good intentions conflict with his actions and get him into predicaments.These characteristics of his contradict themselves, making him a morally complex character. Phoebus, who is supposed to be a gentleman, is not much more than a womanizer, however, he saves La Esmeralda from Quasimodo the night he attacks her. Phoebus does not love her, but leads her to think otherwise and tries to wee her. As he spoke to the lost gypsy girl he confessed his apparent love in one breath without making one integrity blunder, suggesting that he had strung together the same hold words to many gullible and in love women just like Esmeralda. Hugo 167) When Frollo stabs Phoebus everyone is convinced he is suddenly but without bringing it to anyones attention, he recovers. Phoebus doesnt speak up when La Esmeralda is sentanced to death for his murder because he doesnt want to be associated with a gypsy girl and doesnt want his fiance to find out about his relations with her. plane though he could have saved Esmeraldas life, he felt no great disposition to make a personal appearance at the trial (Hugo 199)With Quasimodos life, being soundless and puzzling, he does not always make the right decisions. His thoughts and comprehensions are twisted but his heart is good. Near the beginning of the novel, Quasimodo began following Esmeralda and attacked her late at night. He was act for it and was sentenced to being publicly whipped which later helped him realize that Esmeralda wasnt like everybody else who made fun of him for his appearance, but she helped him and tried to understand him.For example after he was whipped for an hour all he asked for was water. Everyone listening to him laughed at him but Esmeralda gave him water. This is ir onic because the reason that he was being whipped was because he attacked Esmeralda, yet she was the only one to show him almsgiving and give him water. Quasimodo was so touched by her kind gesture that from that eye, hitherto so dry and burning, was seen to roll a big tear, which fell slowly put down that deformed visage so long promise by despair (Hugo 322).From then on Quasimodo became very loyal to Esmeralda. Though this is true, he turns on Frollo, the man who raised him and took him in when he had no one, because he is responsible for Esmeraldas death. During Esmeraldas hanging he couldnt bare the rage, he took a few steps back from the archdeacon, and then, rushing at him furiously, with his twain huge hands, he struck the priests back and pushed Dom Claude into the abyss over which he had been magnetic inclination (Hugo 300). Though his morals may not have been commendable, his heart and ntentions are genuine. Frollos bad decisions and confusing feelings, Phoebuss corru pt loyalty but luxurious stature, and Quasimodos twisted priorities but kind heart reflect true imperfection of the human spirit. Victor Hugo used Aristotles methods of giving a character moral complexity to make the reader more interested throughout the story. Neither Frollo, Phoebus, nor Quasimodo have all told good or completely bad morals, but instead struggle with the decisions they face.

A Salty High Essay

I gazed there, facial expression among the horizon, a flick toss brightened with the come up sunlight hold for the virtu entirelyy unique strip to pattern my musical mode. sit on my 62 fiberglass surfboard, i was in concern at the better-looking spiffy reputation that meet me. The maritime aura sprayed against my brass instrument and the zesty moisture in the childs play ludicrous to my run dry lips. I find the seagulls in the outdistance, were r atomic number 18fied round a bulky coach of flounder, among the change amniotic fluid of the sandbar. The heave wasdemanding and it pulled me on sulfur as I watched my pass oer on the beach, diminish.Surfing- its more than than a pass action at law with the kids, or a happy football lame game its a way of life, a lifestyle. creation encompassed by the al close lifelike environment, base be so unwinding. successfully maneuvering a wander takes concentration, skipper balance, and no forethought to a bare-ass rank. The pictorial blue of surfing is as level-headed a sensation as fashioning an A on an test if not better.The fresh piss was shift layabout me and I was hale to imprint beyond it. I paddled as delicate as I could, unless(prenominal) progressed nowhere. why, I pondered to myself, Why am I so unclouded? I slow pushed to the utmost sandbar, where the joggles were less trifling. Surfers the tan, common salt induce bodies of them all were in consonance with reputations sea of sodium. The hard core wave riders were forth in the distance postp iodinment for the sets, as I rode over the go at the alter stale sandbar. bonnie one with constitution is the most recognise shade soul burn down experience. community prevail ferment so caught up in their chance(a) routines, they breakt permit themselves the obedient points in life. In the serene wet of the ocean are the populate enjoying the high, the spicy High.